General description

Research area: Cell Signaling

Insulin binds to the receptors of target cells in the liver, skeletal muscle and fat, b cells, brain cells, and many other cells. The insulin gene is located on human chromosome 11p15.5.

Application

Insulin human has been used:

in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) to study the effect of preoptic area administration of insulin on core body temperature (CBT) in mice
in contact-mode scanning probe electrospray ionization (SPESI) to study the effect of substrate vibration on ionization efficiency
as a component of adipocyte differentiation media

Biochem/physiol Actions

Insulin is important to maintain normal blood sugar levels. Insulin deficiency is associated with diabetes mellitus.
Insulin signaling is associated with two important pathways namely: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K, a lipid kinase)/AKT (also known as PKB or protein kinase B) pathway and the Raf/Ras/MEK/ MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase, also known as ERK or extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway. Insulin increases the metabolic pathways controlling glycogen synthesis, gene expression, DNA synthesis, and Na⁺/K⁺ pump. It inhibits metabolic pathways regulating apoptosis and autophagy.

Two-chain polypeptide hormone produced by the β-cells of pancreatic islets. Its molecular weight is ~5800 Da. The α and β chains are joined by two interchain disulfide bonds. The α chain contains an intrachain disulfide bond. Insulin regulates the cellular uptake, utilization, and storage of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids and inhibits the breakdown of glycogen, protein, and fat.

Other Notes

InChI: 1S/C257H383N65O77S6/c1-29-131(23)205(313-193(339)104-259)252(393)317-204(130(21)22)248(389)288-159(75-82-200(349)350)217(358)282-156(71-78-189(263)335)221(362)308-183-116-403-404-117-184-243(384)305-178(111-324)240(381)294-162(88-123(7)8)225(366)295-168(95-140-53-61-146(329)62-54-140)228(369)283-154(69-76-187(261)333)218(359)290-161(87-122(5)6)223(364)285-158(74-81-199(347)348)220(361)302-174(101-190(264)336)235(376)298-170(97-142-57-65-148(331)66-58-142)231(372)309-182(242(383)304-176(255(396)397)103-192(266)338)115-402-401-114-181(214(355)273-107-194(340)278-153(72-79-197(343)344)216(357)281-151(51-42-84-271-257(267)268)212(353)272-108-195(341)279-166(93-138-46-36-32-37-47-138)227(368)297-167(94-139-48-38-33-39-49-139)230(371)299-171(98-143-59-67-149(332)68-60-143)238(379)320-208(135(27)327)254(395)322-85-43-52-186(322)246(387)286-152(50-40-41-83-258)222(363)321-209(136(28)328)256(398)399)311-250(391)203(129(19)20)316-236(377)164(90-125(11)12)292-229(370)169(96-141-55-63-147(330)64-56-141)296-224(365)160(86-121(3)4)289-210(351)133(25)277-215(356)157(73-80-198(345)346)287-247(388)202(128(17)18)315-237(378)165(91-126(13)14)293-233(374)173(100-145-106-270-120-276-145)301-239(380)177(110-323)280-196(342)109-274-213(354)180(113-400-405-118-185(310-244(183)385)245(386)319-207(134(26)326)253(394)306-179(112-325)241(382)318-206(132(24)30-2)251(392)312-184)307-226(367)163(89-124(9)10)291-232(373)172(99-144-105-269-119-275-144)300-219(360)155(70-77-188(262)334)284-234(375)175(102-191(265)337)303-249(390)201(127(15)16)314-211(352)150(260)92-137-44-34-31-35-45-137/h31-39,44-49,53-68,105-106,119-136,150-186,201-209,323-332H,29-30,40-43,50-52,69-104,107-118,258-260H2,1-28H3,(H2,261,333)(H2,262,334)(H2,263,335)(H2,264,336)(H2,265,337)(H2,266,338)(H,269,275)(H,270,276)(H,272,353)(H,273,355)(H,274,354)(H,277,356)(H,278,340)(H,279,341)(H,280,342)(H,281,357)(H,282,358)(H,283,369)(H,284,375)(H,285,364)(H,286,387)(H,287,388)(H,288,389)(H,289,351)(H,290,359)(H,291,373)(H,292,370)(H,293,374)(H,294,381)(H,295,366)(H,296,365)(H,297,368)(H,298,376)(H,299,371)(H,300,360)(H,301,380)(H,302,361)(H,303,390)(H,304,383)(H,305,384)(H,306,394)(H,307,367)(H,308,362)(H,309,372)(H,310,385)(H,311,391)(H,312,392)(H,313,339)(H,314,352)(H,315,378)(H,316,377)(H,317,393)(H,318,382)(H,319,386)(H,320,379)(H,321,363)(H,343,344)(H,345,346)(H,347,348)(H,349,350)(H,396,397)(H,398,399)(H4,267,268,271)/t131-,132-,133-,134+,135+,136+,150-,151-,152-,153-,154-,155-,156-,157-,158-,159-,160-,161-,162-,163-,164-,165-,166-,167-,168-,169-,170-,171-,172-,173-,174-,175-,176-,177-,178-,179-,180-,181-,182-,183-,184-,185-,186-,201-,202-,203-,204-,205-,206-,207-,208-,209-/m0/s1

Preparation Note

Derived from porcine insulin

Molecular Weight: 5807.57. Empirical Formula: C₂₅₇H₃₈₃N₆₅O₇₇S₆. biological source: semisynthetic. Quality Level: 200. sterility: non-sterile. Assay: ≥. 95% (HPLC). form: powder. concentration: >. 75%. technique(s): cell culture | mammalian: suitable. solubility: 0.01 M HCl: 0.5 . mg/mL, clear to slightly hazy, colorless. UniProt accession no.: P01308. shipped in: ambient. storage temp.: −. 20Â°C. SMILES string: CC[C@H](C)[C@H]1C(: O)N[C@H]2CSSC[C@@H](C(: O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@@H](C(: O)NCC(: O)N[C@H](C(: O)N[C@H](C(: O)N[C@H](C(: O)N[C@H](C(: O)N[C@H](C(: O)N[C@H](C(: O)N[C@H](C(: O)N[C@H](C(: O)N[C@H](C(: O)N[C@H](C(: O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@H](NC(: O)[C@@H](NC(: O)[C@@H](NC(: O)[C@@H](NC(: O)[C@@H](NC(: O)[C@@H](NC(: O)[C@@H](NC(: O)[C@@H](NC(: O)[C@@H](NC2: O)CO)CC(C)C)CC3: CC: C(C: C3)O)CCC(: O)N)CC(C)C)CCC(: O)O)CC(: O)N)CC4: CC: C(C: C4)O)C(: O)N[C@@H](CC(: O)N)C(: O)O)C(: O)NCC(: O)N[C@@H](CCC(: O)O)C(: O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(: N)N)C(: O)NCC(: O)N[C@@H](CC5: CC: CC: C5)C(: O)N[C@@H](CC6: CC: CC: C6)C(: O)N[C@@H](CC7: CC: C(C: C7)O)C(: O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(: O)N8CCC[C@H]8C(: O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(: O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(: O)O)C(C)C)CC(C)C)CC9: CC: C(C: C9)O)CC(C)C)C)CCC(: O)O)C(C)C)CC(C)C)CC2: CNC: N2)CO)NC(: O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(: O)[C@H](CC2: CNC: N2)NC(: O)[C@H](CCC(: O)N)NC(: O)[C@H](CC(: O)N)NC(: O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(: O)[C@H](CC2: CC: CC: C2)N)C(: O)N[C@H](C(: O)N[C@H](C(: O)N1)CO)[C@@H](C)O)NC(: O)[C@H](CCC(: O)N)NC(: O)[C@H](CCC(: O)O)NC(: O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(: O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)NC(: O)CN . InChI key: PBGKTOXHQIOBKM-FHFVDXKLSA-N. Gene Information: human ... INS(3630). Storage Class Code: 11 - Combustible Solids. WGK: nwg. Flash Point(F): Not applicable. Flash Point(C): Not applicable. Personal Protective Equipment: Eyeshields, Gloves, type N95 (US).